Early Universe

During the first moments of the very early Universe the temperature was so high that the known four fundamental forces (gravity, electromagnetic force, weak and strong interactions) were unified in only one fundamental force. It is believed that gravity decoupled at a time of of 10^-36 s which is the so-called Planck time. The physics of the remaining three combined forces is described by the Grand Unified Theory (GUT). After a period of inflation, which is possibly related to GUT symmetry breaking, and reheating, electroweak symmetry breaking occured. From there on, the four fundamental forces are completely decoupled and quarks finally combine themselves into hadrons. Since the exact physics of the early Universe is unknown, it is a very active research area of modern Cosmology. The work of our group focuses on a specific reheating scenario and the string theory prediction of a so-called Axiverse.

Inflation and Reheating

Cosmological inflation is a period of rapid exponential expansion in the early Universe which was originally introduced to explain the initial flatness and large-scale homogeneity of our Universe. Most importantly, inflation provides a mechanism for the creation of small fluctuations in the energy density, the so-called primordial perturbations or primordial seeds, which are the origin of all the structure in the Universe.

During inflation basically all the energy of the Universe is bound in the potential of a scalar field, the so-called inflaton, which drives the exponential expansion of the Universe. Once inflation ends, the process of reheating sets in and the potential energy is transferred into a thermal bath of particles that interact with each other and thereby create other particles. Figuratively, reheating sets the stage for the Hot Big Bang history of our Universe.

We are interested in scenarios which do not undergo prompt reheating. In this case, the exponential expansion is followed by an epoch of matter-domination in which density perturbations grow and finally collapse into bound structures. Since this is similar to cosmological structure formation with e.g. axions and ALPs, we can exploit the same methods to study the gravitational collapse of the inflatons into inflaton clusters and inflaton stars (solitons).

They are by far the first bound structures in the Universe and enhance the production of SM particles during reheating significantly. Since collapsing over-densities can lead to the generation of gravitational waves, delayed reheating provides a production mechanism of the primoridial gravitational wave background that leaves an imprint on the CMB.